TY - JOUR

T1 - Current Understanding of the Anatomy, Physiology, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neurofluids

T2 - Update From the 2022 “ISMRM Imaging Neurofluids Study group” Workshop in Rome

AU - Agarwal, Nivedita

AU - Lewis, Laura D.

AU - Hirschler, Lydiane

AU - Rivera, Leonardo Rivera

AU - Naganawa, Shinji

AU - Levendovszky, Swati Rane

AU - Ringstad, Geir

AU - Klarica, Marijan

AU - Wardlaw, Joanna

AU - Iadecola, Costantino

AU - Hawkes, Cheryl

AU - Carare, Roxana Octavia

AU - Wells, Jack

AU - Bakker, Erik N.T.P.

AU - Kurtcuoglu, Vartan

AU - Bilston, Lynne

AU - Nedergaard, Maiken

AU - Mori, Yuki

AU - Stoodley, Marcus

AU - Alperin, Noam

AU - de Leon, Mony

AU - van Osch, Matthias J.P.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - Neurofluids is a term introduced to define all fluids in the brain and spine such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid. Neuroscientists in the past millennium have steadily identified the several different fluid environments in the brain and spine that interact in a synchronized harmonious manner to assure a healthy microenvironment required for optimal neuroglial function. Neuroanatomists and biochemists have provided an incredible wealth of evidence revealing the anatomy of perivascular spaces, meninges and glia and their role in drainage of neuronal waste products. Human studies have been limited due to the restricted availability of noninvasive imaging modalities that can provide a high spatiotemporal depiction of the brain neurofluids. Therefore, animal studies have been key in advancing our knowledge of the temporal and spatial dynamics of fluids, for example, by injecting tracers with different molecular weights. Such studies have sparked interest to identify possible disruptions to neurofluids dynamics in human diseases such as small vessel disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and dementia. However, key differences between rodent and human physiology should be considered when extrapolating these findings to understand the human brain. An increasing armamentarium of noninvasive MRI techniques is being built to identify markers of altered drainage pathways. During the three-day workshop organized by the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine that was held in Rome in September 2022, several of these concepts were discussed by a distinguished international faculty to lay the basis of what is known and where we still lack evidence. We envision that in the next decade, MRI will allow imaging of the physiology of neurofluid dynamics and drainage pathways in the human brain to identify true pathological processes underlying disease and to discover new avenues for early diagnoses and treatments including drug delivery. Evidence level: 1. Technical Efficacy: Stage 3.

AB - Neurofluids is a term introduced to define all fluids in the brain and spine such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid. Neuroscientists in the past millennium have steadily identified the several different fluid environments in the brain and spine that interact in a synchronized harmonious manner to assure a healthy microenvironment required for optimal neuroglial function. Neuroanatomists and biochemists have provided an incredible wealth of evidence revealing the anatomy of perivascular spaces, meninges and glia and their role in drainage of neuronal waste products. Human studies have been limited due to the restricted availability of noninvasive imaging modalities that can provide a high spatiotemporal depiction of the brain neurofluids. Therefore, animal studies have been key in advancing our knowledge of the temporal and spatial dynamics of fluids, for example, by injecting tracers with different molecular weights. Such studies have sparked interest to identify possible disruptions to neurofluids dynamics in human diseases such as small vessel disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and dementia. However, key differences between rodent and human physiology should be considered when extrapolating these findings to understand the human brain. An increasing armamentarium of noninvasive MRI techniques is being built to identify markers of altered drainage pathways. During the three-day workshop organized by the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine that was held in Rome in September 2022, several of these concepts were discussed by a distinguished international faculty to lay the basis of what is known and where we still lack evidence. We envision that in the next decade, MRI will allow imaging of the physiology of neurofluid dynamics and drainage pathways in the human brain to identify true pathological processes underlying disease and to discover new avenues for early diagnoses and treatments including drug delivery. Evidence level: 1. Technical Efficacy: Stage 3.

KW - cerebrospinal fluid

KW - clearance

KW - interstitial fluid

KW - neurofluids

KW - neuroimaging

KW - perivascular spaces

U2 - 10.1002/jmri.28759

DO - 10.1002/jmri.28759

M3 - Review

C2 - 37141288

AN - SCOPUS:85158076631

VL - 59

JO - Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

JF - Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

SN - 1053-1807

IS - 2

ER -