TY - JOUR

T1 - Age- and sex-based normal reference ranges of the cardiac time intervals

T2 - the Copenhagen City Heart Study

AU - Alhakak, Alia Saed

AU - Olsen, Flemming Javier

AU - Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig

AU - Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg

AU - Johansen, Niklas Dyrby

AU - Jørgensen, Peter Godsk

AU - Abildgaard, Ulrik

AU - Jensen, Gorm Boje

AU - Schnohr, Peter

AU - Søgaard, Peter

AU - Møgelvang, Rasmus

AU - Biering-Sørensen, Tor

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - Background: Color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) M-mode can be used to measure the cardiac time intervals including the isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), the left ventricular ejection time (LVET), the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), and the combination of all the cardiac time intervals in the myocardial performance index (MPI) defined as [(IVCT + IVRT)/LVET]. The aim of this study was to establish normal age- and sex-based reference ranges for the cardiac time intervals. Methods and results: A total of 1969 participants free of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors from the general population with limited age range underwent an echocardiographic examination including TDI. The median age was 46 years (25th–75th percentile: 33–58 years), and 61.5% were females. In the entire study population, the IVCT was observed to be 40 ± 10 ms [95% prediction interval (PI) 20–59 ms], the LVET 292 ± 23 ms (95% PI 248–336 ms), the IVRT 96 ± 19 ms (95% PI 59–134 ms) and MPI 0.47 ± 0.09 (95% PI 0.29–0.65). All the cardiac time intervals differed significantly between females and males. With increasing age, the IVCT increased in females, but not in males. The LVET did not change with age in both sexes, while the IVRT increased in both sexes with increasing age. Furthermore, we developed regression equations relating the heart rate to the cardiac time intervals and age- and sex-based normal reference ranges corrected for heart rate. Conclusion: In this study, we established normal age- and sex-based reference ranges for the cardiac time intervals. These normal reference ranges differed significantly with sex. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

AB - Background: Color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) M-mode can be used to measure the cardiac time intervals including the isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), the left ventricular ejection time (LVET), the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), and the combination of all the cardiac time intervals in the myocardial performance index (MPI) defined as [(IVCT + IVRT)/LVET]. The aim of this study was to establish normal age- and sex-based reference ranges for the cardiac time intervals. Methods and results: A total of 1969 participants free of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors from the general population with limited age range underwent an echocardiographic examination including TDI. The median age was 46 years (25th–75th percentile: 33–58 years), and 61.5% were females. In the entire study population, the IVCT was observed to be 40 ± 10 ms [95% prediction interval (PI) 20–59 ms], the LVET 292 ± 23 ms (95% PI 248–336 ms), the IVRT 96 ± 19 ms (95% PI 59–134 ms) and MPI 0.47 ± 0.09 (95% PI 0.29–0.65). All the cardiac time intervals differed significantly between females and males. With increasing age, the IVCT increased in females, but not in males. The LVET did not change with age in both sexes, while the IVRT increased in both sexes with increasing age. Furthermore, we developed regression equations relating the heart rate to the cardiac time intervals and age- and sex-based normal reference ranges corrected for heart rate. Conclusion: In this study, we established normal age- and sex-based reference ranges for the cardiac time intervals. These normal reference ranges differed significantly with sex. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

KW - Cardiac cycle

KW - Cardiac time intervals

KW - General population

KW - Normal values

KW - TDI-echocardiography

U2 - 10.1007/s00392-023-02269-2

DO - 10.1007/s00392-023-02269-2

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 37522900

AN - SCOPUS:85166348247

JO - Clinical Research in Cardiology

JF - Clinical Research in Cardiology

SN - 1861-0684

ER -