TY - JOUR

T1 - 3D printed pyrography

T2 - Using wood filament and dynamic control of nozzle temperature for embedding shades of color in objects

AU - Moon, Kongpyung (Justin)

AU - Yi, Jaeseong

AU - Savage, Valkyrie

AU - Bianchi, Andrea

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024 The Authors

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - Colors enhance the esthetic and functional aspects of three-dimensional (3D) printed objects via material extrusion (MEX). However, existing 3D printing techniques require additional materials and hardware that are either challenging to calibrate or too costly for average 3D printing users. This paper presents a fabrication technique we call 3D printed pyrography, which enables printing multiple shades of color and gradients using a wood filament and a single-nozzle extruder. We investigate the effects of printing temperature and speed on the color properties of wood filament (ColorFabb). Using Euclidean distance in CIELAB color space, we employed perceptual metrics to quantify color differences between samples with different print temperatures (minimum: 195°C, maximum: 300°C, and 5°C increment). As a result, we identified all samples had perceivable discrete colors (ΔE ≥ 1), and, by applying a more conservative threshold, we can refine the count to sixteen distinct colors (ΔE ≥ 2.3). This approach underscores the sensitivity of color perception to printing parameters and highlights the utility of ΔE in CIELAB parameters in discerning color differences in 3D printed objects. Furthermore, we encapsulate this information in a custom software interface. This tool allows users to specify shades or map photographic images directly onto 3D surfaces, and generates the G-code that modulates the nozzle temperature and achieves the desired shading. We demonstrate 3D printed pyrography through 11 applications, such as enhancing visual esthetics, offering visual guidance, and embedding markers to merge digital information with physical objects.

AB - Colors enhance the esthetic and functional aspects of three-dimensional (3D) printed objects via material extrusion (MEX). However, existing 3D printing techniques require additional materials and hardware that are either challenging to calibrate or too costly for average 3D printing users. This paper presents a fabrication technique we call 3D printed pyrography, which enables printing multiple shades of color and gradients using a wood filament and a single-nozzle extruder. We investigate the effects of printing temperature and speed on the color properties of wood filament (ColorFabb). Using Euclidean distance in CIELAB color space, we employed perceptual metrics to quantify color differences between samples with different print temperatures (minimum: 195°C, maximum: 300°C, and 5°C increment). As a result, we identified all samples had perceivable discrete colors (ΔE ≥ 1), and, by applying a more conservative threshold, we can refine the count to sixteen distinct colors (ΔE ≥ 2.3). This approach underscores the sensitivity of color perception to printing parameters and highlights the utility of ΔE in CIELAB parameters in discerning color differences in 3D printed objects. Furthermore, we encapsulate this information in a custom software interface. This tool allows users to specify shades or map photographic images directly onto 3D surfaces, and generates the G-code that modulates the nozzle temperature and achieves the desired shading. We demonstrate 3D printed pyrography through 11 applications, such as enhancing visual esthetics, offering visual guidance, and embedding markers to merge digital information with physical objects.

KW - 3D printing

KW - 3D pyrography

KW - Rapid prototyping

KW - Wood filament

U2 - 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104064

DO - 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104064

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85187212334

VL - 83

JO - Additive Manufacturing

JF - Additive Manufacturing

SN - 2214-8604

M1 - 104064

ER -