K+-dependent paradoxical membrane depolarization and Na+ overload, major and reversible contributors to weakness by ion channel leaks
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Normal resting potential (P1) of myofibers follows the Nernst equation, exhibiting about -85 mV at a normal extracellular K(+) concentration ([K(+)](o)) of 4 mM. Hyperpolarization occurs with decreased [K(+)](o), although at [K(+)](o) < 1.0 mM, myofibers paradoxically depolarize to a second stable potential of -60 mV (P2). In rat myofiber bundles, P2 also was found at more physiological [K(+)](o) and was associated with inexcitability. To increase the relative frequency of P2 to 50%, [K(+)](o) needed to be lowered to 1.5 mM. In the presence of the ionophore gramicidin, [K(+)](o) reduction to only 2.5 mM yielded the same effect. Acetazolamide normalized this increased frequency of P2 fibers. The findings mimic hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP), a channelopathy characterized by hypokalemia-induced weakness. Of myofibers from 7 HypoPP patients, up to 25% were in P2 at a [K(+)](o) of 4 mM, in accordance with their permanent weakness, and up to 99% were in P2 at a [K(+)](o) of 1.5 mM, in accordance with their paralytic attacks. Of 36 HypoPP patients, 25 had permanent weakness and myoplasmic intracellular Na(+) ([Na(+)](i)) overload (up to 24 mM) as shown by in vivo (23)Na-MRI. Acetazolamide normalized [Na(+)](i) and increased muscle strength. HypoPP myofibers showed a nonselective cation leak of 12-19.5 microS/cm(2), which may explain the Na(+) overload. The leak sensitizes myofibers to reduced serum K(+), and the resulting membrane depolarization causes the weakness. We postulate that the principle of paradoxical depolarization and loss of function upon [K(+)](o) reduction may apply to other tissues, such as heart or brain, when they become leaky (e.g., because of ischemia).
Original language | English |
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Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America |
Volume | 106 |
Issue number | 10 |
Pages (from-to) | 4036-4041 |
Number of pages | 6 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2009 |
Bibliographical note
Keywords: Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Cations; DNA, Complementary; Female; Humans; Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis; Intracellular Space; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Membrane Potentials; Middle Aged; Muscle Weakness; Potassium; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Rats; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sodium; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
ID: 11712621