Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt

Standard

Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. / Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia; Halloran, Afton; Rippin, Holly L; Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina; Dardavesis, Theodoros I; Williams, Julianne; Wickramasinghe, Kremlin; Breda, Joao; Chourdakis, Michail.

I: Clinical Nutrition, Bind 40, Nr. 5, 2021, s. 3503-3521.

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt

Harvard

Bakaloudi, DR, Halloran, A, Rippin, HL, Oikonomidou, AC, Dardavesis, TI, Williams, J, Wickramasinghe, K, Breda, J & Chourdakis, M 2021, 'Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence', Clinical Nutrition, bind 40, nr. 5, s. 3503-3521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035

APA

Bakaloudi, D. R., Halloran, A., Rippin, H. L., Oikonomidou, A. C., Dardavesis, T. I., Williams, J., Wickramasinghe, K., Breda, J., & Chourdakis, M. (2021). Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clinical Nutrition, 40(5), 3503-3521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035

Vancouver

Bakaloudi DR, Halloran A, Rippin HL, Oikonomidou AC, Dardavesis TI, Williams J o.a. Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clinical Nutrition. 2021;40(5):3503-3521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035

Author

Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia ; Halloran, Afton ; Rippin, Holly L ; Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina ; Dardavesis, Theodoros I ; Williams, Julianne ; Wickramasinghe, Kremlin ; Breda, Joao ; Chourdakis, Michail. / Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. I: Clinical Nutrition. 2021 ; Bind 40, Nr. 5. s. 3503-3521.

Bibtex

@article{091bc8303dfc49579ad35c750fe4ae94,

title = "Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence",

abstract = "Background: Vegan diets, where animal- and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade. However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro- and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types. Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B2, Niacin (B3), B12, D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium. Vitamin B12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24-0.49 μg, recommendations are 2.4 μg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d). No significant differences in fat intake were observed. Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B1, Β6, C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded. However, low micro- and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments. Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.",

keywords = "Faculty of Science, Vegan diets, Veganism, WHO, European population, Health impact",

author = "Bakaloudi, {Dimitra Rafailia} and Afton Halloran and Rippin, {Holly L} and Oikonomidou, {Artemis Christina} and Dardavesis, {Theodoros I} and Julianne Williams and Kremlin Wickramasinghe and Joao Breda and Michail Chourdakis",

year = "2021",

doi = "10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035",

language = "English",

volume = "40",

pages = "3503--3521",

journal = "Clinical Nutrition",

issn = "0261-5614",

publisher = "Elsevier",

number = "5",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence

AU - Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia

AU - Halloran, Afton

AU - Rippin, Holly L

AU - Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina

AU - Dardavesis, Theodoros I

AU - Williams, Julianne

AU - Wickramasinghe, Kremlin

AU - Breda, Joao

AU - Chourdakis, Michail

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Background: Vegan diets, where animal- and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade. However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro- and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types. Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B2, Niacin (B3), B12, D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium. Vitamin B12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24-0.49 μg, recommendations are 2.4 μg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d). No significant differences in fat intake were observed. Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B1, Β6, C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded. However, low micro- and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments. Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.

AB - Background: Vegan diets, where animal- and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade. However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro- and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types. Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B2, Niacin (B3), B12, D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium. Vitamin B12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24-0.49 μg, recommendations are 2.4 μg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d). No significant differences in fat intake were observed. Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B1, Β6, C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded. However, low micro- and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments. Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.

KW - Faculty of Science

KW - Vegan diets

KW - Veganism

KW - WHO

KW - European population

KW - Health impact

U2 - 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035

DO - 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035

M3 - Review

C2 - 33341313

VL - 40

SP - 3503

EP - 3521

JO - Clinical Nutrition

JF - Clinical Nutrition

SN - 0261-5614

IS - 5

ER -

ID: 255681611

Institut for Idræt og Ernæring